Tena ni aɬudan ni loho tÉ›ŋÉ›teya dusena ŋÉ›ha—da daɬo É›nnavi baŋi tÉ›ndÉ› kɨtlÉ› na dÉ›mɛ—na dona nÉ›n lude kyala dantɨŋe.
An argument is being had by the north wind and the sun with each other—it is which of the two is stronger—when a traveler with a warm cloak came along.
The second part of the sentence, between the —’s, is a compound clause consisting of a main clause da daɬo – with a subclause É›nna baŋi tÉ›ndÉ› kɨtlÉ› na dÉ›mÉ› in the D role.
The verbs in these clauses have the same meaning, but differ in the types or shapes of subjects that they allow. Daɬa ((S) A –– (D)) requires horizontal or abstract subjects. Tɛndɛ ((S) A ◼ (D)) will take any subject that is not better served by daɬa or sɛdɛ ((S) A | (D), which takes vertical or human subjects). Here are the paradigms for all three of these verbs.
imperfect [imp] | perfect [prf] | iterative [itr] | |
visual [vis] / Ø | tɛndɛ | tɛttɛ | tɛnna |
non-visual [nvs] | tɛppi | otɛppɛ | tɛppena |
inferred [inf] | tɛlli | otɛllɛ | tɛllena |
reported [rep] | tɛndo | otɛttɛ | tɛndena |
visual [vis] / Ø | sɛdɛ | sɛttɛ | sɛnna |
non-visual [nvs] | sɛppi | osɛppɛ | sɛppena |
inferred [inf] | sɛlli | osɛllɛ | sɛllena |
reported [rep] | sɛdo | osɛttɛ | sɛdena |
visual [vis] / Ø | daɬa | dattɛ | danna |
non-visual [nvs] | dappi | odappÉ› | dappena |
inferred [inf] | dalli | odallÉ› | dallena |
reported [rep] | daɬo | odattɛ | daɬena |
There are no new nouns in these clauses.
There are two pronouns: da and baŋi. Da is a pronoun for class 4 nouns. Here are all of the third person pronouns for all four classes of nouns.
motile sg | motile pl | sessile sg | sessile pl | |
1 | ma | manna | meya | mannavi |
2 | ha | hanna | haya | hannavi |
3 | dɨdɛn | dɨdiya | di | dɨdi |
4 | deya | dɨdiya | da | dayi |
Baŋi is like ŋÉ›ha in that it does not inflect for noun class, motility, or number. It is an interrogative pronoun, and so is best glossed as who or which.
Ænnavi as a sessile plural adjective and the modifier [mod] na more modifying the adjective kɨtlÉ› points to this being a comparative construction. The standard is the sessile source, and the parameter/adjective is the destination. The comparee is of course the subject.
Dɛmɛ marks doubt or an open question.
- da
- pn.4.ss.sg
- it
- daɬo
- v.rep.imp
- ––
- ɛnnavi
- adj.2.ss.pl
- (of) two
- baŋi
- pn
- which
- tɛndɛ
- v.Ø.imp
- â—¼
- kɨtlɛ
- adj.2.mt.sg
- strong
- na
- mod
- more
- dɛmɛ
- adv
- ?
Thoughts?