Update

It seems I haven’t updated since November 2019. My excuse: 2020. Yeah.

Two things, both having to do with Kēlen.

I found this video in April, thanks to Vestboy Myst.

And then a few days ago John Quijada sent me a link to this:

And I figured I better put them somewhere where I could find them again, like this blog!

In other conlanging news, I am playing around with the beginnings of what might maybe become a new language eventually.

Stay safe!

More funlang

Here is more of the funlang. This time I did the Eye Juggler text from Dirk Elzinga.

Piyayuri
Piya-yuri
Piya-spirit
wununday
wunu-nday
see-DISTPAST+IMPERF+REP
Piya was seeing something.

OK, so proper names get classifiers, too

du
du
COMMENT
yirunday
yiru-nday
follow-DISTPAST+IMPERF+REP
This was as follows.

kibikibinuya
kibikibi-nuya
children.in.group-ANIMATE
Tabunihunday
Tabuni-hu-nday
Tabuni-belonging.to-DISTPAST+IMPERF+REP
Children were belonging to Tabuni.

And marking plural on the predicate amuses me, so…

Ɂa
Ɂa
SAME
gurawunday
gura-wu-nday
play-PL.TOPIC-DISTPAST+IMPERF+REP
They were playing.

du
du
COMMENT
yirunday
yiru-nday
follow-DISTPAST+IMPERF+REP
This was as follows.

nuya
nuya
ANIMATE
Ɂasamuwunday
Ɂasa-mu-wu-nday
grasp-out-PL.TOPIC-DISTPAST+IMPERF+REP
They were plucking out something.

And with classifiers that can be used as pronouns, there is no need for separate third person pronouns.

wuŋiwubiya
wuŋi-wu-biya
eye-PL-ROUND
hutuwunday
hutu-wu-nday
in.hand-PL.TOPIC-DISTPAST+IMPERF+REP
Eyes were in hands.

Ɂa
Ɂa
SAME
tuyawayuwunday
tuyawa-yu-wu-nday
throw-up-PL.TOPIC-DISTPAST+IMPERF+REP
And they (the eyes) were thrown upwards.

Ɂa
Ɂa
SAME
rusutuduwunday
rusu-tudu-wu-nday
return-CAUS-PL.TOPIC-DISTPAST+IMPERF+REP
And they were made to return.

du
du
COMMENT
wuŋikabanuwunday
wuŋi-kaba-nu-wu-nday
eye-hole-COME-PL.TOPIC-DISTPAST+IMPERF+REP
This was into eye sockets.

Piyayuri
Piya-yuri
Piya-spirit
guraɁuŋinday
gura-Ɂuŋi-nday
play-MUST-DISTPAST+IMPERF+REP
Piya wanted to play.

wuŋibiya
wuŋi-biya
eye-ROUND
zuyanday
zuya-nday
dark-DISTPAST+IMPERF+REP
(Piya’s) eyes were dark.

Ɂa
Ɂa
SAME
Ɂaranday
Ɂara-nday
reflective-DISTPAST+IMPERF+REP
And they were shiny.

yuri
yuri
spirit
Ɂasamundat
Ɂasa-mu-ndat
grasp-out-DISTPAST+PERF+REP
Piya plucked out something.

biya
biya
round
hutundat
hutu-ndat
in.hand-DISTPAST+PERF+REP
They (the eyes) were in hand.

Ɂa
Ɂa
SAME
tuyapayundat
tuyapa-yu-ndat
be.thrown-PASS-up-DISTPAST+PERF+REP
And they were thrown upwards.

Ɂa
Ɂa
SAME
turunandat
turu-na-ndat
go.down-BEGIN-DISTPAST+PERF+REP
And they begin to come down.

du
du
COMMENT
pasarandat
pasara-ndat
interrupted-DISTPAST+PERF+REP
This was interrupted.

du
du
COMMENT
suŋudundat
suŋudu-ndat
cedar.tree-DISTPAST+PERF+REP
This (interruption) was a cedar tree.

yuri
yuri
spirit
ranaranatudundat
ranarana-tudu-ndat
shake-CAUS-DISTPAST+PERF+REP
Piya made something shake.

suŋuduɁuda
suŋudu-Ɂuda
cedar.tree-TREE
ranaranandat
ranarana-ndat
shake-DISTPAST+PERF+REP
The cedar tree shook.

biya
biya
round
turutupandat
turu-tupa-ndat
go.down-FAIL-DISTPAST+PERF+REP
The eyes did not come down.

kibikibinuya
kibikibi-nuya
children.in.group-ANIMATE
riniriniwundat
rinirini-wu-ndat
laugh-PL.TOPIC-DISTPAST+PERF+REP
The children laughed.

nuya
nuya
ANIMATE
pusupusuwundat
pusupusu-wu-ndat
mockery-PL.TOPIC-DISTPAST+PERF+REP
They mocked someone.

Piyayuri
Piya-yuri
Piya-spirit
pusupusupandat
pusupusu-pa-ndat
mockery-PASS-DISTPAST+PERF+REP
Piya was mocked.

du
du
COMMENT
nurutudundat
nuru-tudu-ndat
anger-CAUS-DISTPAST+PERF+REP
This caused anger.

du
du
COMMENT
Piyasundat
Piya-su-ndat
Piya-LOC-DISTPAST+PERF+REP
This was in Piya.

Ɂa
Ɂa
SAME
zunandat
zuna-ndat
reason-DISTPAST+PERF+REP
And this was the reason.

du
du
COMMENT
yirunday
yiru-nday
follow-DISTPAST+IMPERF+REP
This was as follows.

yuri
yuri
spirit
yiriyiruganundat
yiriyiru-ganu-ndat
run-BEHIND-DISTPAST+PERF+REP
Piya chased after something.

nuya
nuya
ANIMATE
yiriyiruganupawundat
yiriyiru-ganu-pa-wu-ndat
run-BEHIND-PASS-DISTPAST+PERF+REP
They (the children) were chased.

Ɂa
Ɂa
SAME
hutudutupawundat
hutu-(tu)du-tupa-wu-ndat
in.hand-CAUS=FAIL-PL.TOPIC-DISTPAST+PERF+REP
And they were not caught.

So this is one way to make things less agglutinative – drop a syllable that is identical to the previous syllable. I suppose I should make sure I didn’t forget to do this elsewhere.

yuri
yuri
spirit
yiriyiruturandat
yiriyiru-tura-ndat
run-STOP-DISTPAST+PERF+REP
Piya stopped chasing.

Ɂa
Ɂa
SAME
puzarandat
puza-ra-ndat
away-GO-DISTPAST+PERF+REP
Piya left.

Ɂa
Ɂa
SAME
tayituduɁuŋinday
tayi-tudu-Ɂuŋi-nday
new-CAUS-MUST-DISTPAST+IMPERF+REP
Piya must make something new.

du
du
COMMENT
wuŋinday
wuŋi-nday
eye-DISTPAST+IMPERF+REP
These were eyes.

Ɂa
Ɂa
SAME
ŋuyarunday
ŋuya-ru-nday
pine.sap-FROM-DISTPAST+IMPERF+REP
And they were from pine sap.

wuŋibiya
wuŋi-biya
eye-round
ŋuyaŋu
ŋuya-ŋu
pine.sap-LIKE
Piya’s eyes are like pine sap.

Ɂa
Ɂa
SAME
Ɂarawapawapa
Ɂara-wapawapa
reflective-NO.LONGER
And they are no longer shiny.

Ɂa
Ɂa
SAME
nuya
nuya
yellow
And they are yellow.

Talking Rock in a Funlang

This is a new, unnamed funlang. It is an experiment in topic – comment with only intransitive predicates. So each full sentence is only two words and two words only. Pronouns include one that refers to the topic of the previous sentence (SAME) and one that refers to the comment of the previous sentence (COMMENT). It might even be non-recursive, but not being a theoretician, I won’t swear to that.

yunara
yunara
1SG.NEW
bandasa
banda-sa
walk-RECPAST+IMPERF+VIS
I was walking.

du
du
COMMENT
yundatasa
yundata-sa
yesterday-RECPAST+IMPERF+VIS
This was yesterday.

Ɂa
Ɂa
SAME
habasusa
haba-su-sa
shore-LOC-RECPAST+IMPERF+VIS
And this was on the shore.

Ɂa
Ɂa
SAME
pasarat
pasara-t
be-interrupted.RECPAST+PERF+VIS
And this was interrupted.

yi
yi
1SG.OLD
waɁat
waɁa-t
trip-RECPAST+PERF+VIS
I tripped.

du
du
COMMENT
Ɂidusut
Ɂidu-su-t
rock-LOC-RECPAST+PERF+VIS
This (tripping) was on a rock.

du
du
COMMENT
surahigudiy
sura-higu-diy
speak-POTENTIAL-RECPAST+IMPERF+INF
This (the rock) might talk.

yi
yi
1SG
Ɂasayut
Ɂasa-yu-t
grasp-UP-RECPAST+PERF+VIS
I picked something up.

Ɂa
Ɂa
SAME
surat
sura-t
speak-RECPAST+PERF+VIS
And I spoke.

Ɂidubiya
Ɂidu-biya
rock-round
hutat
huta-t
be.in.hand-RECPAST+PERF+VIS
The rock was in hand.

Ɂa
Ɂa
SAME
zinit
zini-t
be.spoken.to-RECPAST+PERF+VIS
And it was spoken to.

yi
yi
1SG
tanit
tani-t
say-RECPAST+PERF+VIS
I said something.

du
du
COMMENT
Ɂuŋut
Ɂuŋu-t
question-RECPAST+PERF+VIS
This (what was said) was a question.

Ɂa
Ɂa
SAME
yirut
yiru-t
follow-RECPAST+PERF+VIS
This was as follows.

Ɂidubiya
Ɂidu-biya
rock-round
guya
guya
be.this-NONPAST+IMPERF+VIS
Is this a rock?

Ɂa
Ɂa
SAME
sura
sura
speak-NONPAST+IMPERF+VIS
And it speaks?

Ɂa
Ɂa
SAME
tanit
tani-t
say-RECPAST+PERF+VIS
And it said something.

du
du
COMMENT
yirut
yiru-t
follow-RECPAST+PERF+VIS
This was as follows.

Ɂidubiya
Ɂidu-biya
rock-round
yunara
yunara
1SG-NONPAST+IMPERF+VIS
A rock I am.

Ɂa
Ɂa
SAME
sura
sura
speak-NONPAST+IMPERF+VIS
And I speak.

yi
yi
1SG
tanit
tani-t
say-RECPAST+PERF+VIS
I said something.

du
du
COMMENT
yirut
yiru-t
follow-RECPAST+PERF+VIS
This was as follows.

yi
yi
1SG
zinibidit
zini-bi-dit
be.spoken.to-NEG-RECPAST+PERF+INF
I was not spoken to.

wisata
wisata
2SG.NEW
surabidit
sura-bi-dit
speak-NEG-RECPAST+PERF+INF
You did not speak.

Ɂa
Ɂa
SAME
tanibidit
tani-bi-dit
say-NEG-RECPAST+PERF+INF
And you did not say something.

du
du
COMMENT
yirudit
yiru-dit
follow-RECPAST+PERF+INF
This was possibly as follows.

yi
yi
1SG
zusahigudiy
zusa-higu-diy
watch.for-POTENTIAL-RECPAST+IMPERF+INF
I should watch out.

du
du
COMMENT
wisatanudiy
wisata-nu-diy
2SG-RECPAST+IMPERF+INF
This (watching out) would be for you.

biya
biya
round
tanirusut
tani-rusu-t
say-back-RECPAST+PERF+VIS
It replied.

du
du
COMMENT
yirut
yiru-t
follow-RECPAST+PERF+VIS
This was as follows.

Ɂidubiya
Ɂidu-biya
rock-round
yunara
yunara
1SG-NONPAST+IMPERF+VIS
A rock I am.

Ɂa
Ɂa
SAME
sura
sura
speak-NONPAST+IMPERF+VIS
And I speak.

Ɂa
Ɂa
SAME
puna
puna
be.mean-NONPAST+IMPERF+VIS
And I am mean.

du
du
COMMENT
zuna
zuna
reason-RECPAST+PERF+VIS
This is the reason.

taniya
tani-ya
saying-GENERIC
nurutudu-t
nuru-tudu-t
anger-cause-RECPAST+PERF+VIS
The speech caused anger.

du
du
COMMENT
yunarasut
yunara-su-t
1SG-LOC-RECPAST+PERF+VIS
This (anger) was in me.

Ɂa
Ɂa
SAME
zunat
zuna-t
reason-RECPAST+PERF+VIS
And was the reason.

du
du
COMMENT
yirunut
yiru-nu-t
follow-RECPAST+PERF+VIS
This was for the following.

yi
yi
1SG
tuyawat
tuyawa-t
throw-RECPAST+PERF+VIS
I threw something.

biya
biya
round
tuyawapat
tuyawa-pa-t
throw-PASS-RECPAST+PERF+VIS
It (the rock) was thrown.

Ɂa
Ɂa
SAME
haraharasut
harahara-su-t
ocean-LOC-RECPAST+PERF+VIS
And it was in the ocean.

yi
yi
1SG
wunurusubidit
wunu-rusu-bi-dit
see-back-NEG-RECPAST+PERF+INF
I did not see (something) again.

biya
biya
round
wunurusubipadit
wunu-rusu-bi-pa-dit
see-back-NEG-PASS-RECPAST+PERF+INF
It (the rock) was not seen again.

I like the repetitiveness of otherwise transitive verbs. It amuses me.

I also like the fact that speak and spoken to are different, unrelated words. And that the converse of pick up is be in hand.

I like that pronouns come in two sets: new and previously mentioned. With regular nouns, this is accomplished by using noun plus classifier for a new mention and the classifier only as a previous mention.

I am a bit worried about the lack of clarity in where a quote ends. Adding something like “saying finished” might work, but it would probably involve repeating the noun tani-ya rather than just ya, which I don’t like.

The comment words ought to be less cleanly agglutinative, at least when it comes to multiple suffixes, those should blend a bit more, maybe.

What do you think?

I will do the Eye Juggler next, and then maybe the South Wind and the Sun. Short texts become such long texts that I am not sure I dare tackle the longer texts that I usually use.

One of these things…

Here is a picture of my cat:

Cat in the line with flowerpots
One of these things is not like the others. One of these things just doesn’t belong. Can you tell me which thing is not like the others by the time I finish my song?

That sounds like a translation challenge! In Kenda Soro:

ŋiri
ŋiri
PL
koyonda
koyo=nda
this=SRC
idiridu
idiri=du
others=GOAL
naravu.
nara=vu
one=NOT
One of these is not like the others.

ŋiri
ŋiri
PL
koyonda
koyo=nda
this=SRC
kozos
kozo=s
here=LOC
nara
nara
one
ŋodose.
ŋodo=se
wrong=STAY
One of these is wrongly here.

ŋiri
ŋiri
PL
koyonda
koyo=nda
this=SRC
idiridu
idiri=du
others=GOAL
naravuza
nara=vu=za
one=NOT=PATH
evihi
e=vi=hi
3PL.IN=OUT=POT
Can be told which one is not like the others

zimivito
zimi=vi=to
music=OUT=STOP
tileya?
tileya
before
before the music stops?

Xuunu Midu

Xuunu Midu consists of three! documents and a torch.

The following non-ascii characters appear in the torch: ñ (n-tilde) ŋ (eng) ʃ (esh) ʒ (ezh).

Lononne wunnu, taatada deŋgada genne datase. Sejewa yeelele yekeke yeelele deŋga pideli genne monna setasa. Dadannewu sejewali nee yekekeli nee golinnestebo.

Deŋga bududa ceesu lañjawa ceñena gakugesteza xoo yebeda degisteze.

Dadastewa cumona canoba, tene ceñele niikena pee xooʒolinnenosteba nolo dodo. Gakugestewa ceñena soo danna doñjame kundebaya. Yebeda cendo danna daññesa nono.

Ceñena caskujeba, lañja yeejedi soo deŋga yeejedi soo danna seezaya. Yeejena benna kaakadesaya.

Deŋga tonoli noojeze; lañjaka pee yebeda haŋŋido kiidoki dase. Dadastewa cumona gakugestewa ceñena soo doñjamespezaya.

Wospe deŋgada yekekeli cendo tanno.

Xuunu Midu

Congratulations, you are the first person to see my new language, called Xuunu Midu. It is a daughter language, mumblety generations later, of Xunumi Wudu. Nouns have fused with their classifiers and then been reinterpreted to contain noun class markers. Verbs have simplified their auxiliaries into new aspect/tense markers, and the evidentials have fused with the enclitic pronouns and then been simplified into something an 18th century armchair linguist might call decorative.* Pronouns are now explicitly stated when needed. The deictic tags have become a third person animate pronoun set. And consonants and sometimes entire syllables have disappeared leaving behind lengthened vowels.

*I have seen an Aztec grammar that calls evidentials ornamental.

A note on pronounciation. Most letters are more or less IPA. Except, c and j are palatal stops or alveolar-palatal affricates. y is therefore the palatal glide. ñ is the palatal nasal. x is the palatal sibilant ( ʃ ). Long vowels are written double. z is actually an allophone of s (and ʒ of x) but I am writing them separately because in another few generations, after initial s becomes h, they will become separate phonemes.

Anyway, I am going to mix grammar and vocabulary a bit.

Vocabulary

Nouns/Adjectives/Verbs/Time Words

budu mouth
cano think or feel or wonder or otherwise engage in mental activity
caskuje be angry
ceñe adult female person, woman
cumu adult male person, man, becomes cumo in plural
da go
dada travel or wander
data fall, come down
deŋga river
degi be, recline
doñjame watch, observe
gakuge wash (transitive), bathe oneself (intransitive)
goli long time, a long period of time
kaakade help, assist with a task
kiido rock, stone
kunde want, wish, need
lañja mountain
lono day
niike nearby, next, neighbor
nooje change, be changed or altered
pide edge, bank or a river
see talk to, speak to, say to
sejewa finishing, west
seta stop, pause in a journey
taatada rain
tanno flow
tene each with a singular noun; every, all with plural nouns
tono path, road
wospe from then on, since then
xooʒoli beautiful
yebe pool, lake
yeeje spirit, deity
yeele person, adult person
yekeke south

The above may or may not take the following suffixes:

Derivational Suffixes

These are closer to the word stem than other suffixes.
=nne turns a noun or adjective or adverb into a verb or a copula; turns a verb into a noun before adding a noun class marker
=no aspectual suffix for becoming, expanding, or contracting. Used with adverbs nolo/nota for more/less so of a quality
=ññe aspectual suffix for starting. Used with adverb nono
=spe aspectual suffix for failing at an intended task
=stewa turns a verb into an adjective describing something that is in the process of Ving
=wa turns a noun into an adjective of association (of the N)

Tense + Evidentiality + Person suffixes for verbs

=ba recent past + inferred + 3rd person animate or 2nd person plural subject
=baya recent past + inferred + 3rd person animate or 2nd person plural subject + 3rd person animate object
=sa recent past + reported + 3rd person animate or 2nd person plural subject. Also –za
=saya recent past + reported + 3rd person animate or 2nd person plural subject + 3rd person animate object. Also –zaya
=se recent past + reported + 3rd person inanimate subject. Also –ze
=steba current present + inferred + 3rd person animate or 2nd person plural subject
=stebo current present + inferred + 3rd person inanimate subject
=steza current present + reported + 3rd person animate or 2nd person plural subject
=steze current present + reported + 3rd person inanimate subject
=za see =sa
=zaya see =saya

Use of tenses/evidentiality/etc

Recent Past is the default tense. Present will be used when wanting to talk about a current or an imminent happening. There is also a zero marked non-past/present which does not mark evidentiality or person and is used for timeless events and past events continuing into the present and future. That is the base form of the verb, used in auxiliary constructions and so on. Reported is used for facts learned by being told or taught and for indirect speech. Direct is used for eyewitnessed events, events one has participated in, one’s own thoughts and feelings, and for direct speech reports. Inferred is used for supposition, reasoning, and deduction, including the deduction of what other people are thinking and feeling.

Noun Class Markers

These are only used on definite nouns. Indefinite nouns don’t get to have one. A noun can take different noun class markers with a corresponding change in meaning.
=da noun class marker for water
=di noun class marker for a spirit or deity
=ka noun class marker for large things, heaps, mounds, etc.
=ki noun class marker for many large things
=le noun class marker for an adult person
=li noun class marker for abstract nouns, paths, and uncountable or immeasurable things
=na noun class marker for multiple people or spirits, i.e. animate plural
=wu noun class marker for time periods and events

Full Pronouns

benna 3rd person animate plural object pronoun
danna 3rd person animate plural subject pronoun
monna 3rd person animate plural non-volitional subject pronoun
xoo relative pronoun for places, where

Postpositions and Adverbs

ceesu at, among, in an area
cendo towards
dodo marks a subordinate clause
haŋŋido around, to around
genne along a path, up and/or down a river, along an edge
nee via, along, with
nolo more and more
nono start (redundant with =ññe)
pee from. Denotes a source or cause or a standard of comparison
soo marks an object when an object needs to be marked
wunnu while, during. Marks a subordinate clause of scene-setting

Other Grammatical Quirks

Nouns in juxtaposition, particularly if the first noun has no noun class marker, make a whole – part construction. As in Sylvia kuuwu ‘Sylvia’s hand’.

Animate nouns include those denoting people, spirits and deities, and celestial objects (which are also spirits). Everything else is considered to be inanimate.

Word Order

XM is SOV where S is a full noun phrase. It is OSV where S is a pronoun. If S is divided from V by enough other stuff, it will sometimes be repeated as a pronoun just before the verb. Redundancy is good! Most of the times peripheral phrases (marked by postpositions) will come between the subject and the verb. Sometimes they won’t.

Also, particularly for verbs derived from time words, sometimes there is no stated subject.

O is not always marked by soo. Some pronouns are inherently O, so soo would be redundant. Redundancy is good, but not in this case. Also, if O is inanimate, it isn’t always marked because of course the inanimate argument will be the object.

Since the language is OV, adjectives come before nouns, relative clauses come before the relative pronoun which comes before the noun, and there are many postpositional modifiers. It is also strongly suffixing. Auxiliary verbs follow main verbs and aspectual adverbs follow verbs.

=== end of torch ===

And since the LCC7 relay isn’t online anywhere that I can find, here is the translation…

My translation of the previous torch:

As the day was growing*, the rain flowed on the river. Because of the water, those from the west and those from the south stopped at the riverbank as well. Travel to the west and to the south would probably be using for a long time. (take a long time)

At the mouth of the river was the lake where the mountain women bathed.

From Kalin: every sister will probably be more beautiful that the one before. However, the man of the quiet mountain was watching the women, and starting towards the lake and the place the women’s husbands will probably begin to hate.

The sisters spoke with the creator of the mountain and were angry. The spirit of the river helped them.

The river changed course and the men who went towards Quiet Mountain failed to watch the women who were bathing.

And the spirit of the mountain covered the lake all the way to the rocks. After which, the river is flowing only to the south.

*I love this metaphor!

My changes for translation purposes and cultural make-sense-of-it-ness:

During the day, rain fell on the river. Those from the west and those from the south stopped at the riverbank. Travel to the west and to the south takes a long time (inference).

At the mouth of the river was the lake where the mountain women bathe.

The traveling men thought, every woman was more beautiful than her neighbors (inference). They wanted to watch the bathing women. They started towards the lake.

The women were angry and spoke with the mountain spirit and the river spirit. The spirits helped them.

Boulders from the mountain went into the lake and the river’s path changed. The traveling men failed to watch the bathing women.

Since then, the river flows south.

Inavewa

Inavewa was very short-lived. One neat thing it had was a verbal paradigm with a 1st/2nd vs 3rd person distinction. There was also a collective vs separated (not collective) plural. It exists in two documents: A google doc and a google sheet with vocabulary.

Since that was so short, here is the song that convinced me that it really was okay to have multiple ŋ’s in a word.

August 2018 Precursor to KS

This is all that exists. Think of it as a look at how I brainstorm. Note that I really do make up body parts very early on in the process. Also, this still has evidentiality, which I discarded for KS. The next language will definitely have to have evidentiality!

This is also where I decided to have an ‘r’ already.

Gary’s Sentences

1. The sun shines. HABITUAL

2. The sun is shining. PROGRESSIVE

Light is what moves: sele

Motion is OUT, and from contact with the SRC

Sun is the source: loo

loho=ru sele=vi

Is light, singular, multiple, or collective? Coll.

loho=ru sele=viyi

Tense is non-past

ADV for emphasizing habitual: lena or lenaka

loho=ru sele=viyi lenaka

(actually, can appear in any order)

lenaka lohoru seleviyi

seleviyi lenaka lohoru

etc.

3. The sun shone. Distant PAST

5. The sun has been shining. RECENT PAST PROG

loho=ru sele=viyi (Non-past)


SGMULTCOLL
NPvivenaviyi
DIRvelavelanaveleyi
INFvibovibonavibuyi
REPvitevitenavitiyi

loho=ru sele=veleyi

4. The sun will shine. FUTURE

7. The sun will shine tomorrow. FUTURE

loho=ru sele=viyi rerehe (in the future)

loho=ru sele=viyi lanalan (tomorrow)

6. The sun is shining again. ITERATIVE

loho=ru sele=viyi rus (again)

8. The sun shines brightly. adverb

9. The bright sun shines. adjective

loho=ru sele=viyi luluvu

luvu loho=ru sele=viyi

loho=ru luvu sele =viyi

If Subject NP is complex:

luvu sele lohoru ma=viyi

ma=viyi loho=ru luvu sele

10. The sun is rising now. PROGRESSIVE/PATH

loho=ŋi sono (up/head) lala (now)

cājkigabellyinside
cēmkimawaistmiddle
ciēlkilifacesurface
hālgalachestfront
hēññgeŋihair
hīñgiŋinosepoint
hōrrgoroheel
jāonginubutt
jētgitepalm
jōlgiloknees
kāckakenails
kāenkeneflesh
kēmkemefinger
kīwkibiskin
kōλkolineck
ku(vu)hand
lēŋŋleŋeguts
līwlibinerves
lōhlogoelbows
lōmmlomoforearm
mācmakeliver
māllmalaheart
mānmanablood
mōlmolowomb
mūñmuŋibones
ñāmŋimashouldernext to
nīmnimitoe
nōmnomowrist
nōsnosopenis
ŋākŋakabackback
ōrwworulegs
piēxpiziteeth
rēxreziurine
rōñrunueye
sārsaraears
sāttsatabody
sērjserinavel
sēsssesekidneys
sōnsonoheadtop
tāktakaarms
tāltalavagina
tāwrtarumouth
þākdakathigh
þēlldelelung
tīrrtiriankle
ūsnwunutongue
ūxwuzianus
wānnbanafootbottom
wērberename
wūnbunusweat
wūtbutushit

11. All the people shouted.

12. Some of the people shouted.

13. Many of the people shouted twice.

thing moving: sound

source: people (all, some, many)

type of motion: OUT

yele = people

animate nouns get explicit plurals: yele, yena, yeliyi

a shout, a cry, a loud noise: rul

yeleyi=ru rulu=veleyi (all at once)

yena=ru rulu=velana (separately)

all = tene + sg

some = peve + mult

many = nana + mult

tene yele=ru rulu=veleyi/velana

peve yena=ru rulu=veleyi/velana

nana yena=ru rulu=velana yene (twice)

14. Happy people often shout.

hanada yena=ru rulu=velana lenaka

15. The kitten jumped up.

16. The kitten jumped onto the table.

yirele = kitten

motion = VIA and up

yirele=ŋela sono tebe=s (onto the table)

17. My little kitten walked away.

No my in this context

yirele=ŋela peze=no (away) liye=pe > lipe (from me (no contact))

18. It’s raining. & 19. The rain came down.

tatara=ŋeleyi (bana)

20. The kitten is playing in the rain.

tatara=nen yirele=ru gire=ŋi

21. The rain has stopped (falling).

tatara=ŋeleyi toro (bana)

22. Soon the rain will stop.

23. I hope the rain stops soon.

tatara=ŋiyi rehe (soon) toro (stop)

diri=me liye=s / les rehe toro tatara=ŋiyi=ru diri=me

24. Once wild animals lived here.

long ago = lilite

wild animals = pake+yi

here = do=s

lived/dwelled = =ye > past.reported = tiyi

dos lilite pakeyi=tiyi (mara=gi (their home))

li / ri / sa / ma / ye

BE/no motion

ye – yena – yigi

la – lana – leyi

bo – bona -buyi

te – tena – tiyi