Test Sentences, 4

The next four sentences in Gary’s list have people shouting:

11. All the people shouted.
12. Some of the people shouted.
13. Many of the people shouted twice.
14. Happy people often shout.

And they have quantifiers!

People is a class II noun, and since it is the source in all 4 sentences, it’ll be in the motile plural form ɛlɛna. The shout, though, is a class IV noun, also in the motile plural: umɨdiya. Shouting uses the same verb as shining, evi, because with shouting, the noise is moving out in all directions, just as with shining.

11. nadna ɛlɛna umɨdiya tavi bala.

12. amba ɛlɛna umɨdiya tavi bala.

13. aŋo ɛlɛna umɨdiya tavi iyɛnɛ bala.

14. ɛlɛna andabalna umɨdiya evna ɨnavi dɛstɛ.

sodna-lɛni has evidentials. The visual evidential is zero marked, which is why they haven’t appeared until now. The visual evidential is for things one knows because one has seen or witnessed the information in the sentence. bala is for things one knows because one has heard, smelled, or otherwise sensed, but not actually seen, the information in the sentence. Shouting would involve hearing rather than seeing, so it is the appropriate evidential for 11-13. But the statement that happy people often shout is one of those things that is generally learned from an authority of some sort, so it uses the reported evidential dɛstɛ.

In Kēlen:

11. tatta jarūlōn ke mēli nāra;

12. tatta jarūlōn ke mēli pē;

13. tatta jarūlōn ke mēli nā il ēnne;

The paucal source and singular shout in 11-13 says that the people shouted together at the same time.

14. saxxa jarūlōni ke mēli mālni;